ADH plays an important role in the regulation of osmotic pressure and fluid volume of the body. ADH promotes reabsorption of fluid from the tubules of the kidneys in the blood. The distribution will be made on the pituitary directly into the bloodstream.
Adrenaline and noradrenaline, adrenal medulla adrenaline and noradrenaline are stress hormones. They increase within seconds the heart and circulatory functions and enable nerve and brain on alert. In an emergency, they mobilize the necessary energy reserves. This is reflected in an accelerated heartbeat, increased blood pressure, release of glucose and increased blood flow to the muscles. Norepinephrine has a painkilling effect.
Aldosterone adrenal cortex aldosterone acts primarily on the kidney. It regulates the electrolyte and water balance in the body. It increases the absorption of sodium ions from the kidney, thereby increasing the level of sodium in the blood. The excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions is promoted. Thus, the potassium levels in the blood decreases. At the same time water is retained. Thus, aldosterone also influence the regulation of blood volume and blood pressure. Similarly, aldosterone acts on the water and ion transport in the intestine and in sweat and saliva glands.
Sinkt nach einem solchen Anfall die Harnsäurekonzentration nicht unter einen Wert von 9 mg/dl ab, so kann man davon ausgehen, dass die Gicht chronisch wird. Dann treten die Schmerzattacken häufiger auf. Durch die Kristallablagerungen werden die Gelenke unbeweglich. Letztendlich kommt es zu Verformungen der Gelenke, weil die Ablagerungen den Gelenkknorpel zerstören und den Knochen angreifen. Es können sich auch Gichttophi (Knötchen) bilden. Das sind Harnsäureablagerungen in Geweben außerhalb der Gelenke. Meistens sind die Knötchen am Ohrläppchen, an Händen, Füßen, Ellenbogen und außerhalb der Kniegelenke zu finden. Bei langanhaltender chronischer Gicht muß man außerdem damit rechnen, dass die Nieren nicht mehr richtig funktionieren. Es können sich Nierensteine bilden.
Vasculitis, inflammatory diseases of the blood vessels. They belong in the classification of rheumatic diseases in the group of soft tissue rheumatism. The disease can be very diverse. Often, they also run malicious. There are two groups of primary vasculitis, and vasculitis related to an underlying disease.
Often, multiple organs are affected. order kamagra The diversity of disease processes often means that a particular disease is not clearly emerges. The course may be relapsing. Often occur at the beginning of the disease, common symptoms such as fever, weight loss, night sweats and weakness. Later symptoms are formed.
Symptoms of arthritis
Arthritis is a joint inflammation, as reflected in the following complaints:
Pain
Swelling
Hyperthermia
Disabilities
Joint effusion (occurring in serous forms of arthritis)
Gelenkempyem (purulent fluid in the joint cavity, occurs with bacterial arthritis)
in acute forms of arthritis is a reddening
in chronic cases, it is especially joint changes, malalignment, muscle shortening and stiffening
Classification by number of affected joints
There are many different forms of arthritis that can be divided differently. After the number of affected joints is referred to as:
Monoarthritis (inflammation of a joint)
Oligoarthritis (simultaneous inflammation 2-4 joints)
Polyarthritis (inflammation of simultaneous 5 or more joints)
Classification of the cause of arthritis
The course of arthritis, according to the cause, acute, subacute or chronic. Taking into account the cause of arthritis, the following forms are distinguished:
1. infectious or septic arthritis, Gelenkempyem
direct infection of a wound, such as a puncture or injection. Most frequently, bacterial pathogens, especially in staphylococci.
persistent infection as a result of a bacterial infectious disease such as gonorrhea or sepsis. Less common are persistent infections in tuberculosis and fungal, Brucella or parasites.
2. Accompanied by an infection or illness occurring arthritis in which no live bacteria can be detected in the joint
after bacterial infection often occurs on a monoarthritis or oligoarthritis. Especially after infection with bacteria following caution: yersinia, chlamydia, mycoplasma, gonococci, Borrelia, Campylobacter, Mycobacteria, Brucella, streptococci.
during or after viral infections can lead to subacute polyarthritis. Predominant cause of the following viral infections or viruses: hepatitis B, rubella, mumps, infectious mononucleosis, chickenpox, smallpox, Coxsackie virus infection, adenovirus infection, maculopapular rash, symmetrical polyarthritis, arbovirus infections, alpha viruses, ECHO viruses, cytomegalovirus virus, herpes virus, possibly HIV. Chronic courses are likely in infections with EBV or parvovirus
when infected with parasites, in particular various forms of filariasis - that are special worms that are transmitted in most cases of insect bites. Detectable infection by the greatly increased number of eosinophils, one on the defense against worms and parasites specialized form of white blood cells. It's called too eosinophilia.
3. Arthritis in certain rheumatic spinal diseases and other inflammatory diseases, particularly ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, arthritis of inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, Whipple's disease, Behcet's disease. Arthritis can occur after bypass surgery on the intestines and stomach resection according to Billroth II.
4. rheumatoid arthritis
5. juvenile chronic arthritis
6. Arthritis in inflammatory connective tissue diseases and vasculitides such as systemic lupus erythematosus, collagen diseases, Henoch-Schonlein purpura (rheumatic damage to the small blood vessels of the skin, gastrointestinal tract and kidney with bleeding into the surrounding tissue), polyarteritis nodosa (inflammatory disease of the small and large arteries)
7. allergic arthritis occurs relatively frequently as a result of Medikamenteneinnahe sounds and a few days after discontinuation of the drug.
8. Arthritis related to metabolic diseases and nutrition-related disorders including gout (arthritis gouty) chondrocalcinosis (deposits of calcium in the cartilage - Pseudo gout), Kristallarthropathie (crystal deposition in the joints), hemochromatosis (iron deposits), hyperlipoproteinaemia (dyslipidemia with increased deposits of lipoproteins) , ochronosis (pigmented deposits in the cartilage), Lipoidkalzinogranulomatose (lipid storage disease with calcium deposits in the bursa of large joints), Osteochondropathia endemica, amyloidosis (protein deposition disease).
9. Arthritis in endocrine disorders: hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, diabetes mellitus, Cushing syndrome, acromegaly, pheochromocytoma
10. Arthritis in granulomatous diseases
Sarcoidosis (benign disease of the lymph nodes)
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (Pathological proliferation of Langerhans cells, a special form of histiocytes, which are among the immune cells. It can be single or various body tissues such as lung, skin, liver, bone, lymph nodes, etc. can be affected.)
11. Arthritis in joint bleeding as a result of bleeding disorders
Bleeding disorders by a lack of clotting factors such as hemophilia
Anticoagulant
12. Arthritis in diseases of the hematopoietic system
hemolytic anemia (sickle cell anemia, thalassemia)
Leukemia
13. neoplastic arthritis (Neoplasia means new growth of tissue)
joint primary tumors: benign or malignant tumor of the synovial membrane (Synovioma), chondromatosis (bone tumor)
synovial infiltration in malignant systemic diseases, notably leukemia and malignant lymphoma
14. paraneoplastic arthritis: for example, multiple myeloma, lung cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer
15. Arthritis to or through injury, for example, joint skin inflammation after surgery
16. Arthritis in diseases of articular cartilage: so-called activated arthrosis, chondromalacia patella (cartilage changes on the patella by improper loading), loose bodies, relapsing polychondritis (which occur rarely, inflammatory disease of the cartilage tissue)
17. Arthritis in neuropathies (nerve disorders, diseases of the peripheral nerves): tabes dorsalis (spinal tuberculosis), syringomyelia, diabetic neuropathy, spina bifida with meningomyelocele, hereditary sensory neuropathy, congenital analgesia (insensitivity to pain by damaging sensitive pathways of the central or peripheral nervous system), leprosy
18. Arthritis in certain skin diseases, such as Sweet's syndrome, acne-associated arthritis, psoriatic arthropathy and
19. Arthritis in other underlying diseases outside of the joint: for example, familial Mediterranean or Malta fever, a special form of brucellosis
The breathing air is transported to the bronchial alveoli, in which there is the gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The bronchial tubes are very thick and beginning to branch out further and further. One can imagine well as an upside-down tree. The alveoli would be the leaves. The trunk and branches, the bronchi.
be called from the trachea to the alveoli, the alveoli, if you count an average of 23 branches. On the so-called Carina, the trachea divides into two main bronchi, which lead to the right and left lung. After a few centimeters, then divide again on the main bronchi in the different lobe bronchi. The right main bronchus divides into three branches that supply the three lobes of the right side. The left main bronchus, however divided only into two branches because the left lung has only two lobes. The "cavity" in the center is home to the heart. The five lobar bronchi divide into segmental bronchi.
The smallest branches of the bronchi are called bronchioles. The cartilage rings that reinforce the major bronchi are replaced in the lobar bronchi by cartilage plates. The bronchi are always thin-walled. In the bronchioles, which is only 1 mm in diameter, the cartilage reinforcements missing. They consist only of muscle fibers.
The bronchioles branch out further. Go respiratorii into the very fine branches of the bronchioles, which in turn flow directly into the area of the lung, in which there is the actual breathing. This area is characterized by the alveolar ducts to the alveoli. The alveoli are grape-shaped respiratorii the alveolar ducts and bronchioles, as a wine grape branch. Overall, a person has about 300 million alveoli. Each individual is surrounded by a fine network of blood vessels that provide gas exchange.
Book on this anzeigenDas respiratory system cartilages and cartilage plates of the bronchial tubes have the task of the bronchi to the respiratory air to keep them open. The "wall" of the bronchial tubes also has muscles that can be contracted. Then narrow the bronchial tubes. Thus, supported by the muscular contraction, the breathing. All bronchi are lined with a mucous membrane, which are covered with extremely fine cilia. These hairs are always wet. On the one hand, wet it so the inhaled air on. On the other hand, is transported by the movement of inhaled dust, pollen and bacteria out. Cilia and mucous membranes are very sensitive and respond to recurring stimuli, such as smoking, air pollution and frequent infections.
